In the ever-evolving political landscape of Southeast Asian nations, the quest for democracy faces exhilarating possibilities as well daunting challenges.

The International Day for Universal Access to Information, celebrated every 28 September, is an opportune moment to reflect on how this dynamic region navigates the intricate web of digital communications, regulation, and advocacy. In doing so, it becomes abundantly clear that the path to genuine democracy is inextricably linked with ensuring access to information.

The digital age has ushered in a new era where every citizen can be a journalist, an activist, or a watchdog of their government’s actions and inactions. From the bustling streets of Bangkok to the remote villages of Myanmar, smartphones, the internet, and data access have become powerful instruments for documenting human rights abuses, learning, and sharing stories with the world. 

Although challenges still exist, this newfound connectivity allows marginalised voices to reach global audiences, making it increasingly difficult for governments to suppress information and silence dissent.

Navigating Obstacles

While the digital realm offers numerous advancements and advantages, it also comes with its share of pitfalls. 

Governments in Southeast Asia often resort to internet shutdowns, media blackouts, censorship, and surveillance to control the narrative and quell opposition. 

Localised internet shutdowns are not uncommon in Indonesia, a country known for its “vibrant” democracy. In 2019, the government temporarily restricted internet access in West Papua provinces amid protests over alleged racial discrimination, hindering communication within the affected regions and the ability of journalists and civil society organisations (CSOs) to report on unfolding events. Such shutdowns raise concerns about the government’s commitment to upholding freedom of expression and access to information.

Meanwhile, the Cambodian Government has passed the controversial ‘Law on Telecommunications,’ which grants authorities the power to monitor and control online content. This law has been used to target critics, independent media, and human rights defenders, leading to arrests and the shuttering of media organisations that dare challenge the government.

Nevertheless, we shall take inspiration from the resilience of individuals and communities who, despite all of the odds, continue to fight for their rights. 

In the Philippines, the #HandsOffDefenders movement emerged to protest the arbitrary arrests of human rights defenders who speak truth to power, bravely calling out the government for its injustices. Filipino activists are using social media platforms to galvanise support and organise nationwide protests, demonstrating the power of digital communication in amplifying their voices amid the government’s attempts to shut them down.

In Thailand, young pro-democracy activists have been at the forefront of demanding political reform. Despite facing violence, legal consequences, harassment, and surveillance, these young Thai activists are using digital tools to share their demands and connect with like-minded individuals in and beyond their country. Their determination illustrates the resilience of a new generation committed to democratic principles.

To uncover and report on critical issues in their respective societies, citizen journalists and human rights defenders across Southeast Asia have braved threats not only to their own lives but also their loved ones. Together, they are harnessing the power of digital communications to expose corruption, human rights abuses, and environmental destruction. 

These stories not only inspire others to demand change but also serve as evidence of the enduring spirit of free speech and the importance of universal access to information in holding those in power accountable.

Digital Renaissance of Transnational Activism

The power of digital communications extends beyond national borders, fostering transnational connections and advocacy efforts that are instrumental in strengthening democracy through a unique form of regionalism. 

In Southeast Asia, a growing network of activists, CSOs, and concerned citizens is leveraging digital platforms to bridge geographical divides and address common challenges by collectively ensuring universal access to information.

The concept of transnational advocacy networks–as proposed by scholars Margaret E. Keck and Kathryn Sikkink–has evolved and expanded in unprecedented ways in the modern era, thanks to the power of data access and information sharing. These networks–once primarily formed around shared values and interests to put pressure on governments –are now intricately connected through digital channels, enabling them to mobilise, coordinate, and amplify their efforts on a global scale.

The digital age has transformed transnational advocacy by providing activists, non-governmental organisations, and CSOs with a treasure trove of data and information. The easy accessibility of data on human rights violations, environmental degradation, and social injustices help these networks build compelling narratives and evidence-based arguments that resonate across borders.

Furthermore, the power of social media platforms and online communities has enabled transnational advocacy networks to quickly gather support and visibility for their causes. Hashtags, viral campaigns, and digital petitions have become go-to tools for mobilising people and pressuring governments, corporations, and relevant stakeholders. In this interconnected world, information sharing can trigger swift and coordinated responses to emerging crises.

The digital sphere has become a dynamic space where individuals and organisations can bypass traditional diplomatic channels and directly engage with their counterparts in neighbouring countries. This alternative form of regionalism–driven by a shared commitment to democratic values and universal access to information–redefines the boundaries of activism and advocacy. It highlights the potential for regional cooperation to address common challenges and push for democratic reforms that transcend national borders.

One notable manifestation of the power of transnational advocacy networks in Southeast Asia and beyond isthe emergence of the Milk Tea Alliance. This spontaneous and organic movement–initially sparked by youth activists and netizens from Thailand, Myanmar, Taiwan, and Hong Kong–quickly evolved into a regional alliance advocating for various local issues through a unified platform. 

The Milk Tea Alliance showcases how digital communication tools can bridge regional divides and mobilise diverse communities around shared concerns such as democracy, human rights, and social justice. It demonstrates that regional networks can effectively amplify local voices and create a collective force that transcends borders, highlighting the growing importance of such networks in addressing the complex and interconnected challenges facing Asia and the world today.

As we witness the modernisation of transnational advocacy networks through data access and information sharing, it becomes evident that the digital age has enhanced the speed and reach of advocacy efforts and democratised participation. Grassroots activists and concerned individuals can now play a more direct and influential role in shaping international agendas and holding power structures accountable.

In the face of adversity, we must draw strength from the knowledge that universal access to information is not a privilege but a fundamental human right. This conviction fuels the aspirations of human rights defenders, journalists, and ordinary citizens who strive to hold their governments accountable and uphold the values of democracy. 

The struggle is underway, but the relentless grit and spirit of those who dare speak out is a testament to the enduring power of free speech and access to information.

As Southeast Asia continues its journey toward democracy, let us commemorate and celebrate the human rights defenders who are working hard to ensure that universal access to information remains a reality not only for an elite few but for everyone in the region and beyond.

About the Author

Camikara Yuwono is a Communication and Media Programme Associate at the Asian Forum for Human Rights and Development (FORUM-ASIA).

FORUM-ASIA works to strengthen movements for human rights and sustainable development. It has consultative status with the UN Economic and Social Council and a consultative relationship with the ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights. Its Secretariat is based in Bangkok, with offices in Jakarta, Geneva, and Kathmandu.